H\u0259nd\u0259s\u0259 Riyaziyyat\u0131n cisiml\u0259rin formas\u0131n\u0131 v\u0259 f\u0259za m\u00fcnasib\u0259tl\u0259rini \u00f6yr\u0259n\u0259n \u00e7ox q\u0259dim hiss\u0259sidir. H\u0259nd\u0259s\u0259 predmeti v\u0259 \u00fcsullar\u0131, onun \u00e7ox\u0259srlik inki\u015faf\u0131 n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 \u00e7ox b\u00f6y\u00fck d\u0259yi\u015fikliy\u0259 u\u011fram\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. B.e.\u0259. V \u0259srd\u0259n H\u0259nd\u0259s\u0259 inki\u015faf\u0131n\u0131n yeni m\u0259rh\u0259l\u0259si ba\u015flan\u0131r. Q\u0259dim yunan riyaziyyat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n H\u0259nd\u0259s\u0259 aksiomatik qurulmas\u0131 t\u0259\u015f\u0259bb\u00fcsl\u0259ri olur. Evklidin \u201c Ba\u015flan\u011f\u0131clar\u201d \u0259s\u0259ri (b.e.\u0259. III \u0259sr) bu istiqam\u0259td\u0259 at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f b\u00f6y\u00fck add\u0131m hesab edilm\u0259lidir..
\nH\u0259nd\u0259s\u0259 inki\u015faf\u0131nda keyfiyy\u0259t d\u0259yi\u015fikliyi bir d\u0259 XVII \u0259srin birinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda ba\u015f verdi. B\u00f6y\u00fck frans\u0131z alimi R.Dekart\u0131n \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259rind\u0259 koordinatlar \u00fcsulu adlanan \u00fcsul daxil edildi. Bu \u00fcsul fiqurlar\u0131n c\u0259bri v\u0259 h\u0259nd\u0259si xass\u0259l\u0259ri aras\u0131nda \u00e7ox d\u0259rin \u0259laq\u0259ni m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259nl\u0259\u015fdirdi v\u0259 fiqurlar\u0131n xass\u0259l\u0259rini o zaman inki\u015faf etmi\u015f c\u0259br, sonsuz ki\u00e7il\u0259nl\u0259r analizi vasit\u0259sil\u0259 \u00f6yr\u0259nm\u0259y\u0259 imkan verdi. Bu yolda analitik h\u0259nd\u0259s\u0259, sonralar is\u0259 diferensial h\u0259nd\u0259s\u0259 yarand\u0131.
\nH\u0259min d\u00f6vrd\u0259 (XVII \u0259srin birinci yar\u0131s\u0131) h\u0259m d\u0259 H\u0259nd\u0259s\u0259 \u201cproyektiv h\u0259nd\u0259s\u0259\u201d sah\u0259si yarand\u0131. Onu yaradanlar frans\u0131z aliml\u0259ri B.Paskal v\u0259 J.Dezarq idil\u0259r.
\nH\u0259nd\u0259s\u0259 inki\u015faf\u0131nda inqilabi an qeyri-Evklid h\u0259nd\u0259s\u0259sinin yarad\u0131lmas\u0131 idi. Bu i\u015fd\u0259 rus alimi M.\u0130.Lobo\u00e7evskinin ad\u0131n\u0131 birinci \u00e7\u0259km\u0259k laz\u0131md\u0131r. O g\u00f6st\u0259rmi\u015fdir ki, Evklidin aksiomlar\u0131 sistemind\u0259 paralellik aksiomunu \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn t\u0259rs t\u0259klifi il\u0259 \u0259v\u0259z ets\u0259k, bu zaman al\u0131nan h\u0259nd\u0259s\u0259 ziddiyy\u0259tsiz olur. Bu h\u0259nd\u0259s\u0259nin teoreml\u0259ri \u00e7ox vaxt adi \u0259yani t\u0259s\u0259vv\u00fcrl\u0259r\u0259 uy\u011fun g\u0259lmir.
\nH\u0259nd\u0259s\u0259 inki\u015faf\u0131nda m\u00fch\u00fcm add\u0131mlardan biri alman alimi B.Rimana m\u0259xsusdur. Riman h\u0259nd\u0259si obyektl\u0259ri \u00f6yr\u0259nm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn yeni \u00fcsullara m\u00fcraci\u0259t etmi\u015f, indi Riman h\u0259nd\u0259s\u0259si adlanan yeni h\u0259nd\u0259s\u0259nin \u0259sas\u0131n\u0131 qoymu\u015fdur. Riman\u0131n i\u015fl\u0259rinin m\u00fch\u00fcm \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259ti onunla \u0259laq\u0259dar idi ki, onun ideyalar\u0131 A.Eyn\u015fteynin nisbilik n\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259sinin riyazi \u0259sas\u0131 oldu.
\nH\u0259nd\u0259s\u0259 inki\u015faf\u0131nda XIX ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda yarad\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u201c\u00e7evirm\u0259l\u0259r qrupu\u201d n\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259si m\u00fch\u00fcm yer tutur. Bu n\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259nin \u0259sas\u0131n\u0131 norve\u00e7 alimi S. Li qoymu\u015fdur.
\nH\u0259nd\u0259s\u0259 inki\u015faf\u0131nda c\u0259bri h\u0259nd\u0259s\u0259nin v\u0259 tenzor analizinin yarad\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 qeyd etm\u0259m\u0259k olmaz. H\u0259nd\u0259s\u0259 elminin yunan dilind\u0259 ad\u0131 \u201cgeometriya\u201dd\u0131r ki, h\u0259rfi t\u0259rc\u00fcm\u0259si \u201cyer\u00f6l\u00e7m\u0259\u201d dem\u0259kdir. Bizim i\u015fl\u0259tdiyimiz \u201ch\u0259nd\u0259s\u0259\u201d s\u00f6z\u00fc is\u0259 fars dilind\u0259 \u201c\u00fclg\u00fc\u201d, \u201cbi\u00e7im\u201dm\u0259nas\u0131n\u0131 ver\u0259n \u0259ndaz\u0259\u201d s\u00f6z\u00fcnd\u0259n g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015fd\u00fcr .<\/p>\n
M\u0259nb\u0259:\u00a0M.M\u0259rdanov, S.Mirz\u0259yev, \u015e. Sad\u0131qov M\u0259kt\u0259blinin riyaziyyatdan izahl\u0131 l\u00fc\u011f\u0259ti. Bak\u0131 2016, \u201cRadius n\u0259\u015friyyat\u0131\u201d, 296 s\u0259h.<\/em><\/p>\n \u00a9 B\u00fct\u00fcn h\u00fcquqlar qorunur. X\u0259b\u0259rl\u0259rd\u0259n istifad\u0259 ed\u0259rk\u0259n www.imm.az sayt\u0131na istinad z\u0259ruridir.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" H\u0259nd\u0259s\u0259 Riyaziyyat\u0131n cisiml\u0259rin formas\u0131n\u0131 v\u0259 f\u0259za m\u00fcnasib\u0259tl\u0259rini \u00f6yr\u0259n\u0259n \u00e7ox q\u0259dim hiss\u0259sidir. H\u0259nd\u0259s\u0259 predmeti v\u0259 \u00fcsullar\u0131, onun \u00e7ox\u0259srlik inki\u015faf\u0131 n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 \u00e7ox b\u00f6y\u00fck d\u0259yi\u015fikliy\u0259 u\u011fram\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. B.e.\u0259. V \u0259srd\u0259n H\u0259nd\u0259s\u0259 inki\u015faf\u0131n\u0131n yeni m\u0259rh\u0259l\u0259si ba\u015flan\u0131r. Q\u0259dim yunan riyaziyyat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n H\u0259nd\u0259s\u0259 aksiomatik qurulmas\u0131 t\u0259\u015f\u0259bb\u00fcsl\u0259ri olur. Evklidin \u201c Ba\u015flan\u011f\u0131clar\u201d \u0259s\u0259ri (b.e.\u0259. III \u0259sr) bu istiqam\u0259td\u0259 at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f b\u00f6y\u00fck add\u0131m hesab edilm\u0259lidir.. H\u0259nd\u0259s\u0259 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[77],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.imm.az\/exp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14031"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.imm.az\/exp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.imm.az\/exp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.imm.az\/exp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.imm.az\/exp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14031"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.imm.az\/exp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14031\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14032,"href":"https:\/\/www.imm.az\/exp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14031\/revisions\/14032"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.imm.az\/exp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14031"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.imm.az\/exp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14031"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.imm.az\/exp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14031"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}