{"id":18883,"date":"2018-05-15T10:58:25","date_gmt":"2018-05-15T06:58:25","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.imm.az\/exp\/?p=18883"},"modified":"2018-05-14T14:04:51","modified_gmt":"2018-05-14T10:04:51","slug":"mudrikl%c9%99rin-sultani-n%c9%99sir%c9%99ddin-tusi-xii-hiss%c9%99","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.imm.az\/exp\/2018\/05\/15\/mudrikl%c9%99rin-sultani-n%c9%99sir%c9%99ddin-tusi-xii-hiss%c9%99\/","title":{"rendered":"M\u00fcdrikl\u0259rin sultan\u0131 \u2013 N\u0259sir\u0259ddin Tusi (XII hiss\u0259)"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Elml\u0259rin \u0259saslanmas\u0131 il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 bax\u0131\u015flar.<\/strong> N\u0259sir\u0259ddin Tusi v\u0259 dig\u0259r orta \u0259sr aliml\u0259rinin riyazi bax\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6yr\u0259nilm\u0259si onlar\u0131n f\u0259ls\u0259fi v\u0259 m\u0259ntiqi irsini ara\u015fd\u0131rmadan, paralell\u0259r aparmadan q\u0259na\u0259tb\u0259x\u015f hesab edil\u0259 bilm\u0259z. Bunun n\u0259 d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259 z\u00fcruri oldu\u011funu ba\u015fa d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn iki misala baxaq.<\/p>\n

\u00a0N\u0259sir\u0259ddin Tusinin \u201cParalel d\u00fcz x\u0259tl\u0259r haqq\u0131nda \u015f\u00fcbh\u0259l\u0259rin aradan g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u0259si haqq\u0131nda traktat\u201d \u0259s\u0259rinin rus dilin\u0259 t\u0259rc\u00fcm\u0259sind\u0259 [15] Evklidin paralel d\u00fcz x\u0259tl\u0259rl\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 postulata aid hiss\u0259sind\u0259 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dak\u0131 t\u0259klifl\u0259 rastla\u015f\u0131r\u0131q: \u00ab\u041d\u043e \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u044b \u044d\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043a \u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0430\u043c, \u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u043d \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u043b \u0435\u0435 \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0441 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0435\u0439 \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u043d \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043b \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0438, \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u00bb, \u00ab\u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u00bb \u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0435\u2026.\u00bb. N.Tusinin bu m\u00fcdd\u0259as\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259rc\u00fcm\u0259\u00e7i v\u0259 \u015f\u0259rh\u00e7i a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dak\u0131 kimi \u015f\u0259rh edirl\u0259r: \u00ab\u0428\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432 \u2013 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f (\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043c\u044b) \u0415\u0432\u043a\u043b\u0438\u0434\u0430, \u0441\u043c. \u00ab\u041d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430\u00bb \u0442.1 \u0441\u0442\u0440.15; \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0443 \u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043c\u044b 1, 2, 3, 7, 8 \u0438 9 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430; \u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043c\u044b, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u041d.\u0422\u0443\u0441\u0438 \u2013 \u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043c\u044b 1 \u0438 8\u00bb. Ancaq N.Tusinin m\u0259ntiqi irsinin ara\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 bunun he\u00e7 d\u0259 bel\u0259 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6st\u0259rir. \u201cT\u0259crid \u0259l-M\u0259ntiq\u201d \u0259s\u0259rinin \u201cApodiktika\u201d adlanan be\u015finci f\u0259slinin 281-286-c\u0131 m\u00fcdd\u0259alar\u0131nda elmin prinsipl\u0259ri haqq\u0131nda a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dak\u0131lar s\u00f6yl\u0259nir: \u201cOnun [apodiktik isbat\u0131n] q\u0259bul edilm\u0259si vacib olan ba\u015flan\u011f\u0131clar\u0131 (prinsipl\u0259ri) alt\u0131d\u0131r:<\/p>\n

a) ilkinl\u0259r \u2013 tam\u0131n hiss\u0259d\u0259n b\u00f6y\u00fck olmas\u0131 kimi;<\/p>\n

b) hissi olanlar. B\u0259z\u0259n zahiri olurlar \u2013 g\u00fcn\u0259\u015fin i\u015f\u0131q sa\u00e7\u00acmas\u0131 kimi; ya da gizlin (batini – daxili) \u2013 biz\u0259 fikrin xas olmas\u0131 kimi;<\/p>\n

c) t\u0259cr\u00fcbi olanlar – S\u0259qmuniyy\u0259nin (d\u0259rman bitkisidir) sar\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00fcng\u00fcll\u0259\u015fdirm\u0259si kimi;<\/p>\n

d) m\u00fctavatir olanlar (d\u0259f\u0259l\u0259rl\u0259 t\u0259krarlanan bilgil\u0259r) – M\u0259kk\u0259nin m\u00f6vcud olmas\u0131 haq\u00acq\u0131nda bilgi kimi;<\/p>\n

e) intuitiv – ay\u0131n g\u00fcn\u0259\u015fd\u0259n nurland\u0131\u011f\u0131 haqq\u0131nda bilgi kimi. Bel\u0259 ki, m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259\u00e7i bunu yaln\u0131z onun (ay\u0131n) ondan (g\u00fcn\u0259\u015fd\u0259n) yerl\u0259\u015fm\u0259sin\u0259 n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259n t\u0259\u015f\u0259kk\u00fcl\u00fcnd\u0259ki (formalar\u0131ndak\u0131) m\u00fcxt\u0259liflikl\u0259rl\u0259 intuisiya edir;<\/p>\n

f) fitri sillogistik h\u00f6kml\u0259r – ikinin d\u00f6rd\u00fcn\u00a0yar\u0131s\u0131na b\u0259ra\u00adb\u0259r ol\u00adma\u00ads\u0131 kimi. Son ikisi ba\u015flan\u011f\u0131clardan (prinsipl\u0259rd\u0259n) de\u00adyildir. B\u0259l\u00adk\u0259 onlardan \u00f6nd\u0259 g\u0259l\u0259n ikisi d\u0259. \u00dcmd\u0259si is\u0259 il\u00adkin\u00adl\u0259rdir\u201d ([11] , s\u0259h. 103).<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0130lkin – \u0259vv\u0259li bilgil\u0259r b\u00fct\u00fcn klassikl\u0259r t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n elml\u0259rin \u0259sas prinsipi kimi q\u0259bul edilirdis\u0259, dig\u0259rl\u0259rinin, x\u00fcsus\u0259n, son d\u00f6rd\u00fcn\u00fcn elml\u0259r \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn prinsip olmas\u0131nda yekdil fikir olmam\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Bununla bel\u0259, ba\u015fa d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcl\u0259n odur ki, yuxar\u0131da g\u0259tiril\u0259n m\u00fcdd\u0259ada N.Tusi alt\u0131 prinsipl\u0259 he\u00e7 d\u0259 Evklid aksiomlar\u0131n\u0131 n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259 tutmur. S\u00f6hb\u0259t m\u0259hz \u201cT\u0259crid \u0259l-m\u0259ntiq\u201d \u0259s\u0259rind\u0259ki alt\u0131 prinsipd\u0259n gedir.<\/p>\n

Dig\u0259r bir misal is\u0259 m\u00fcasir \u0259d\u0259biyyatda N.Tusi\u00a0 v\u0259 dig\u0259r orta \u0259sr aliml\u0259rinin Evklidin paralel d\u00fcz x\u0259tl\u0259r haqq\u0131nda V postulat\u0131n\u0131 isbat etm\u0259k ist\u0259yi haqq\u0131nda formala\u015fm\u0131\u015f fikirl\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259d\u0259 d\u0259 N.Tusinin \u201cT\u0259crid \u0259l-m\u0259ntiq\u201d traktat\u0131ndak\u0131 elmin prinsipl\u0259rinin – \u0259saslar\u0131n\u0131n se\u00e7imind\u0259ki t\u0259l\u0259bl\u0259ri bilm\u0259k fayadal\u0131 olar. 300-c\u00fc m\u00fcdd\u0259ada N.Tusi s\u00f6yl\u0259yir:<\/p>\n

V\u0259 [elml\u0259rin] ba\u015flan\u011f\u0131clar\u0131 var. Onlar ya<\/u> he\u00e7 bir vasit\u0259y\u0259 ehtiyac\u0131 ol\u00ad\u00adma\u00ad\u00adyan t\u0259klifl\u0259rdir:<\/p>\n

-ya m\u00fctl\u0259q olaraq \u2013 ilkinl\u0259r kimi \u201c\u00fc\u00admum\u00ad\u00ad\u00ad\u00ad\u00adb\u0259lli \u0259sll\u0259r\u201d (ak\u00adsi\u00adom\u00adlar) adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r;<\/p>\n

– ya da bax\u0131lan elm\u0259 [xasd\u0131r] \u2013 iki bax\u0131mdan\u00a0 \u201cm\u0259s\u00add\u0259r\u00adl\u0259r\u201d v\u0259 ya \u201c q\u0259bul edilmi\u015f (yerl\u0259\u015fdirilmi\u015f) \u0259sll\u0259r\u201d (pos\u00adtu\u00adlat\u00adlar) ad\u00adla\u00adn\u0131r\u00adlar. Bu elmd\u0259 q\u0259bul edils\u0259l\u0259r d\u0259,\u00a0 ondan [h\u0259\u00admin elmd\u0259n] ba\u015f\u00adqa\u00ads\u0131nda izah edilirl\u0259r. \u00d6yr\u0259n\u0259nin onla\u00adr\u0131 dan\u00adma\u00ads\u0131ndan ya q\u0259bul et\u00adm\u0259sind\u0259n as\u0131l\u0131 olmayaraq onla\u00adra t\u0259s\u00adlim olmas\u0131 laz\u0131md\u0131r;<\/p>\n

ya<\/u> da t\u0259rifl\u0259rdir.<\/p>\n

[Bunlar\u0131n] ham\u0131s\u0131 durumlar adlan\u0131r\u201d ([11] , s\u0259h. 107).<\/p>\n

Yuxar\u0131da s\u00f6yl\u0259diyimiz kimi, prinsipl\u0259r elmin \u0259sasland\u0131\u011f\u0131 fundamental bilgl\u0259rdir. Onlar ya t\u0259svvr\u00fcri (\u0259sas anlay\u0131\u015flar), ya da t\u0259sdiqi (deduktiv) olur. T\u0259sdiqi m\u00fcq\u0259ddim\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n elml\u0259rin sillogizml\u0259ri d\u00fcz\u0259ldilir. Bunlar da a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dak\u0131lard\u0131r:<\/p>\n

-ilkin bilgil\u0259r, onlar\u0131n izaha ehtiyac\u0131 yoxdur, onlar universal xarakter da\u015f\u0131y\u0131r, b\u00fct\u00fcn elml\u0259rd\u0259 onlar\u0131n q\u0259bul edilm\u0259si vacibdir. Bunlar aksiomlar adlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

– ilkin olmayan, ancaq q\u0259bul edilm\u0259li olan bilgil\u0259r. Bunlar dig\u0259r elml\u0259rd\u0259 \u0259sasland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Onlar\u0131n q\u0259bul edilm\u0259sind\u0259 \u015f\u00fcbh\u0259 yoxdursa, postulatlar, ancaq q\u0259bul edilm\u0259sind\u0259 m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n bir \u015f\u00fcbh\u0259, hipotetiklik varsa, \u201cm\u0259sd\u0259r\u201dl\u0259r adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. \u015e\u00fcbh\u0259nin olmas\u0131na baxmayaraq, bax\u0131lan elmd\u0259 ara\u015fd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 ona tabe olmal\u0131, m\u00fclahiz\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 bu \u0259saslardan \u00e7\u0131x\u0131\u015f etm\u0259lidir.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Elml\u0259rin prinsipl\u0259ri \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 t\u0259l\u0259bl\u0259r is\u0259 295-ci m\u00fcdd\u0259ada \u00f6z \u0259ksini tapm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r: \u201cApodiktik m\u00fchakim\u0259l\u0259rin m\u00fcqq\u0259dim\u0259l\u0259ri, y\u0259qinlikd\u0259n \u0259lav\u0259, s\u0259\u00adb\u0259b olmas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn t\u0259biilikd\u0259 v\u0259 \u0259qld\u0259 (d\u0259rk edilm\u0259d\u0259) n\u0259tic\u0259\u00adl\u0259r\u00add\u0259n h\u0259r iki bax\u0131mdan [t\u0259biilik v\u0259 d\u0259rk edilm\u0259d\u0259] daha \u00f6nc\u00fcl olmal\u0131d\u0131r; onlar\u0131 [n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259ri] t\u0259yin et\u00adm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn n\u0259tic\u0259\u00adl\u0259r\u00add\u0259n daha \u00e7atarl\u0131 v\u0259 m\u00fcnasib ol\u00adma\u00adl\u0131d\u0131r, y\u0259ni onlar\u0131n pre\u00addi\u00adkat\u00adlar\u0131 \u00f6zl\u0259rinin m\u00f6vzular\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn ilkin (\u0259vv\u0259liyat; bilavasit\u0259) za\u00adti\u00a0 v\u0259 z\u0259ruri (a\u015fkar, dan\u0131lmaz) \u0259n \u00fcmumi ol\u00admal\u0131d\u0131r\u201d. [11, s\u0259h. 106] \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Evklidin \u201c\u0130st\u0259nil\u0259n iki n\u00f6qt\u0259d\u0259n d\u00fcz x\u0259tt ke\u00e7irm\u0259k olar\u201d postulat\u0131 \u201c\u015f\u0259rtl\u0259\u015filmi\u015f \u0259saslara\u201d \u0259yani misald\u0131r. Ancaq N.Tusi Evklidin \u201ciki d\u00fcz x\u0259tt k\u0259s\u0259nl\u0259 k\u0259si\u015fdikd\u0259 t\u0259r\u0259fl\u0259rd\u0259n birind\u0259ki daxili bucaqlar\u0131n c\u0259mi iki d\u00fcz bucaqdan ki\u00e7ikdirs\u0259, uzad\u0131lq\u0131qda h\u0259min t\u0259r\u0259fd\u0259 k\u0259si\u015f\u0259c\u0259kl\u0259r\u201d h\u00f6km\u00fcn\u00fc n\u0259 aksiomlara, n\u0259\u00a0 postulatlara, n\u0259 d\u0259 \u201cm\u0259sd\u0259rl\u0259r\u0259\u201d aid etmir. Evklid\u0259 \u015f\u0259rhl\u0259rinin ([16]) ilk f\u0259slind\u0259 N.Tusi s\u00f6yl\u0259yir: \u201cS\u00f6yl\u0259yir\u0259m ki, sonuncu t\u0259klif \u00fcmumb\u0259lli bilgilr\u0259d\u0259n (aksiomlardan) deyil v\u0259 yaln\u0131z h\u0259nd\u0259s\u0259 elmind\u0259 izah edil\u0259 bil\u0259r. Buna g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259 onun yeri ilkin (\u0259sas) anlay\u0131\u015flardan k\u0259narda,\u00a0 m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259r aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. Yeri g\u0259ldikd\u0259, biz ona layiq oldu\u011fu izah\u0131 ver\u0259c\u0259yik.<\/p>\n

M\u0259n onu dig\u0259r bir t\u0259klifl\u0259 \u0259v\u0259z edir\u0259m: bir m\u00fcst\u0259vi \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 yerl\u0259\u015f\u0259n d\u00fcz x\u0259tl\u0259r m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n bir istiqam\u0259td\u0259 bir-brind\u0259n uzaqla\u015f\u0131rlarsa, onlar h\u0259min istiqam\u0259td\u0259 bir-birin\u0259 yax\u0131nla\u015fa bilm\u0259z v\u0259 \u0259ksin\u0259. \u018fks halda onlar k\u0259si\u015f\u0259rdil\u0259r. H\u0259m\u00e7inin onu izah etm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn Evklidin onuncu kitab v\u0259 dig\u0259r m\u0259qamlarda istifad\u0259 etdiyi t\u0259klifd\u0259n istifad\u0259 ed\u0259c\u0259y\u0259m. Bu a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dak\u0131d\u0131r: h\u0259mcins iki k\u0259miyy\u0259td\u0259n ki\u00e7iyini t\u0259krar-t\u0259krar g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fckd\u0259, b\u00f6y\u00fck olan\u0131 a\u015facaq\u201d. Bel\u0259likl\u0259, N.Tusinin fikrinc\u0259, Evklidin daxil etdiyi \u201ct\u0259klif \u00fcmumb\u0259lli bilgi\u201d – aksiom deyil. Dig\u0259r elml\u0259rd\u0259 izah edil\u0259 bilm\u0259diyi \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn n\u0259 postulat, n\u0259 d\u0259 m\u0259sd\u0259r deyil. Bu t\u0259klif yaln\u0131z h\u0259nd\u0259s\u0259d\u0259 izah edil\u0259 bil\u0259r. Buna g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259 h\u0259min t\u0259klifi \u0259sas anlay\u0131\u015f v\u0259 h\u00f6kml\u0259r aras\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131xar\u0131b, m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259r aras\u0131nda yerl\u0259\u015fdirm\u0259k laz\u0131md\u0131r. V\u0259d etdiyi kimi o, Evklidin t\u0259klifin\u0259 I kitab\u0131n 28-ci t\u0259klifind\u0259n sonra qay\u0131daraq, alt\u0131 lemman\u0131n k\u00f6m\u0259yil\u0259 onu isbat edir. N.Tusinin \u201cT\u0259crid \u0259l-m\u0259ntiq\u201d v\u0259 \u201cParalell\u0259r haqq\u0131nda \u015f\u00fcbh\u0259l\u0259rin aradan g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u0259si trakatat\u201d\u0131n\u0131n t\u0259hlili bir daha g\u00f6st\u0259rir ki, N.Tusi v\u0259 dig\u0259r h\u0259nd\u0259s\u0259\u00e7il\u0259rin bu c\u0259hdl\u0259ri he\u00e7 d\u0259 \u201cisbatolunmaz t\u0259klifi\u201d isbat etm\u0259k c\u0259hdi deyil. M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259 tamamil\u0259 ba\u015fqad\u0131r: elml\u0259rin \u0259sas\u0131nda q\u0259bul edilm\u0259li olan anlay\u0131\u015flar, aksiom v\u0259 postulat kimi t\u0259klifl\u0259r \u0259n a\u015fkar, \u0259n ayd\u0131n, \u0259n \u00e7atarl\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bununla raz\u0131la\u015fmaq da olar. Bel\u0259 ki, Evklidin t\u0259klifind\u0259 bucaq anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na m\u00fcraci\u0259t edilmi\u015fdir ki, bu da bucaqla ba\u011fl\u0131 t\u0259s\u0259vv\u00fcr\u00fc t\u0259l\u0259b edir. N.Tusid\u0259 is\u0259 yaln\u0131z d\u00fcz x\u0259tl\u0259r i\u015ftirak edir. Bucaq he\u00e7 d\u0259 iki n\u00f6qt\u0259ni birl\u0259\u015fdir\u0259n par\u00e7adan a\u015fkar, \u0259yani v\u0259 \u00e7atarl\u0131 ola bilm\u0259z.<\/p>\n

Davam\u0131 var\u2026<\/strong><\/p>\n

[1] M\u00fcd\u0259rris R\u0259z\u0259vi. N\u0259sir\u0259ddin Tusinin h\u0259yat\u0131 v\u0259 \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259ri (fars dilind\u0259n t\u0259rc\u00fcm\u0259). Bak\u0131, Nurlan, 2002, 212 s.<\/em><\/p>\n

[2] \u041c\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0434\u0431\u0435\u0439\u043b\u0438 \u0413.\u0414. \u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0435\u0434 \u041d\u0430\u0441\u0438\u00ad\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0422\u0443\u0441\u0438. \u0418\u0437\u0434. \u0410\u041d \u0410\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0421\u0421\u0420. \u0411\u0430\u043a\u0443 \u2013 1961 \u0433., 316 \u0441.<\/em><\/p>\n

[3] \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0413. \u041f., \u0420\u043e\u0437\u0435\u043d\u0444\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0434 \u0411.\u0410. \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u044b \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c<\/em>\u00ad<\/em>\u043c\u0430\u043d<\/em>\u00ad<\/em>\u0441\u043a\u043e<\/em>\u00ad<\/em>\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u044f \u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u044b (8-17 \u0432\u0432.). \u041d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430 -1983, 651 \u0441.<\/em><\/p>\n

[4]X\u0259lilov A., Musayeva A. \u201cXac\u0259 N\u0259sir\u0259ddin Tusi. Bibli\u00ado\u00adqrafiya\u201d. Bak\u0131, XXI \u2013Yeni N\u0259\u015frl\u0259r Evi \u2013 2004, 168 s\u0259h.<\/em><\/p>\n

[5] \u0421\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a \u0414.\u042f. \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438. \u041d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430 \u2013 1969 \u0433., 328 \u0441.<\/em><\/p>\n

[6]\u00a0<\/em>Xac\u0259 N\u0259sir\u0259ddin Tusi. T\u0259crid \u0259l-etiqad. K\u0259lam hiss\u0259si. (T\u0259rc\u00fcm\u0259 v\u0259 \u015f\u0259rh: M\u0259mm\u0259dov E.M.), \u201cAraz\u201d n\u0259\u015friyyat\u0131, Bak\u0131 2015, 206 s.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

[7]\u00a0\u0410\u0442\u0430\u0438 \u0410.\u0410., \u0417\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0420.\u0410. \u0413.\u0414\u0436. \u041c\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0434\u0431\u0435\u0439\u043b\u0438 \u2013 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0430\u0441\u0438\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0422\u0443\u0441\u0438 \u0432 \u0410\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0435. \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 810-\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044e \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0435\u0434\u0430 \u041d\u0430\u0441\u0438\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0422\u0443\u0441\u0438. \u0411\u0430\u043a\u0443 -2011, \u0441. 38-49.<\/em><\/p>\n

[8]\u00a0M\u00fch\u0259mm\u0259d T\u0259qi M\u00fcd\u0259rris R\u0259z\u0259vi. \u0259l-\u018fllam\u0259t\u00fc \u0259l-Xac\u0259 N\u0259sir \u0259d-Din \u0259t-Tusi. H\u0259yat\u00fch\u00fc v\u0259 asar\u00fch.<\/em>(<\/em> \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0631\u0636\u0648\u064a .\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u062c \u0646\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0633\u0649. \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647.<\/em>). Tehran, 1994, 449 s.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

[9] \u041c<\/em>\u0430\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0413.\u041f. \u041d\u0430\u0441\u0438\u0440 \u0430\u0434<\/em>–<\/em>\u0414\u0438\u043d \u0430\u0442-\u0422\u0443\u0441\u0438 \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0438 \u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u00ad\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0435. <\/em>M\u0259h\u0259mm\u0259d N\u0259sir\u0259ddin Tusinin 810 illiyin\u0259 H\u0259sr edil<\/em>\u00ad<\/em>mi\u015f Beyn\u0259l<\/em>\u00ad<\/em>xalq konfrans\u0131n Materiallar\u0131. Bak\u0131 <\/em>– <\/em>2011,<\/em> s<\/em>. 223-228.<\/em><\/p>\n

[10] \u041c\u0430\u0442-\u0430\u044f \u042d\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u00ad\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u00ad\u0434\u0438\u044f 1 (\u0410-\u0413). \u0418\u0437\u0434-\u0432\u043e \u00ab\u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u042d\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0438\u044f\u00bb<\/em>,<\/em> \u041c. 1977.<\/em><\/p>\n

[11] Tusi N. \u201cT\u0259crid \u0259l-m\u0259ntiq\u201d (\u0259r\u0259b dilnd\u0259n t\u0259rc\u00fcm\u0259 v\u0259 \u015f\u0259rhl\u0259r M\u0259mm\u0259dov E.M.). Bak\u0131, Araz -2012, 260 s.<\/em><\/p>\n

[12] \u018fllam\u0259 Hilli. \u018fl-c\u00f6vh\u0259r \u0259n-n\u0259zid fi \u015f\u0259rh m\u0259ntiq \u0259t-t\u0259c\u00adrid (M\u00fcc\u0259r\u00adr\u0259d m\u0259ntiqin nizam\u00adlanm\u0131\u015f (sistematik) c\u00f6vh\u0259ri). Qum \u2013 2007, 480 s\u0259h.<\/em><\/p>\n

[<\/em>13]<\/em>\u00a0\u018fllam\u0259 Hilli. \u201cK\u0259\u015ff \u0259l-murad fi \u015f\u0259rh \u201cT\u0259crid \u0259l-etiqad\u201d\u201d (\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0651\u0649. \u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u062d \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f). Qum – 2006, 480 s.<\/p>\n

[<\/em>14]<\/em> M\u00fcrt\u0259za M\u00fct\u0259hh\u0259ri. \u0130slam elml\u0259ri il\u0259 tan\u0131\u015fl\u0131q (farscadan t\u0259rc\u00fcm\u0259). Bak\u0131, Mirasn\u0259\u015fr, 2011, 400s.<\/p>\n

[15]\u00a0\u0422\u0443\u0441\u0438 \u041d. \u0422\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0442, \u0438\u0441\u0446\u0435\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0439 (\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u00ad\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0441 \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0411. \u0410. \u0420\u043e\u0437\u0435\u043d\u0444\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0434\u0430), \u0418\u041c\u0418-1960, \u0432\u044b\u043f. VIII<\/em>, \u0441. 483-532.<\/em><\/p>\n

[16] N.Tusi. T\u0259hrir \u00fcsul Uqlidis fi ilm \u0259l-h\u0259nd\u0259s\u0259. (Tehran n\u00fcsx\u0259si 1881, 210 s.).<\/em><\/p>\n

[17] Tusi N. Tozlu l\u00f6vh\u0259nin k\u00f6m\u0259yi il\u0259 hesab toplusu (\u0259r\u0259b dilind\u0259n t\u0259rc\u00fcm\u0259 \u018fmi\u00adr\u00ad\u0259h\u00adm\u0259dov \u018f.\u018f., M\u0259mm\u0259dov E.M.) Bak\u0131-2008, 168 s.<\/em><\/p>\n

[18] \u0413\u0435\u0433\u0435\u043b\u044c. \u042d\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0438\u044f \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a. \u0422\u043e\u043c 1. \u041d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043a\u0438. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, \u041c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u044c \u2013 1974 \u0433., 454 \u0441.<\/em><\/p>\n

[19] \u0418\u0431\u043d \u0430\u043b-\u0410\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0438. \u041c\u0435\u043a\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/em> (\u0430\u043b-\u0424\u0443\u0442\u0443\u0445\u0430\u0442 \u0430\u043b-\u043c\u0430\u043a\u043a\u0438\u0439\u044f)<\/em>. <\/em>\u0412\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0441 \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f \u0410.\u0414. \u041a\u043d\u044b\u0448. \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433, 288<\/em> \u0441.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em>M\u0259nb\u0259: Misir M\u0259rdanov, Emina\u011fa M\u0259mm\u0259dov \u201cN\u0259sir\u0259ddin Tusinin h\u0259yat\u0131, elmi f\u0259aliyy\u0259ti v\u0259 irsinin \u00f6yr\u0259nilm\u0259sinin b\u0259zi aktual m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259ri\u201d , \u201cAMEA-n\u0131n X\u0259b\u0259rl\u0259r M\u0259cmu\u0259si\u201d\u00a0 jurnal\u0131, 2016, cild 3, No 3, s\u0259h. 12-29.\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a9 B\u00fct\u00fcn h\u00fcquqlar qorunur. X\u0259b\u0259rl\u0259rd\u0259n istifad\u0259 ed\u0259rk\u0259n www.imm.az sayt\u0131na istinad z\u0259ruridir.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Elml\u0259rin \u0259saslanmas\u0131 il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 bax\u0131\u015flar. N\u0259sir\u0259ddin Tusi v\u0259 dig\u0259r orta \u0259sr aliml\u0259rinin riyazi bax\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6yr\u0259nilm\u0259si onlar\u0131n f\u0259ls\u0259fi v\u0259 m\u0259ntiqi irsini ara\u015fd\u0131rmadan, paralell\u0259r aparmadan q\u0259na\u0259tb\u0259x\u015f hesab edil\u0259 bilm\u0259z. Bunun n\u0259 d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259 z\u00fcruri oldu\u011funu ba\u015fa d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn iki misala baxaq. \u00a0N\u0259sir\u0259ddin Tusinin \u201cParalel d\u00fcz x\u0259tl\u0259r haqq\u0131nda \u015f\u00fcbh\u0259l\u0259rin aradan g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u0259si haqq\u0131nda traktat\u201d \u0259s\u0259rinin rus dilin\u0259 t\u0259rc\u00fcm\u0259sind\u0259 [15] Evklidin […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[77],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.imm.az\/exp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18883"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.imm.az\/exp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.imm.az\/exp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.imm.az\/exp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.imm.az\/exp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=18883"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.imm.az\/exp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18883\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":18885,"href":"https:\/\/www.imm.az\/exp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18883\/revisions\/18885"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.imm.az\/exp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=18883"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.imm.az\/exp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=18883"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.imm.az\/exp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=18883"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}