Qabriel Kramer (Gabriel Cramer) 31 iyul 1704-c\u00fc ild\u0259 \u0130sve\u00e7r\u0259nin Cenevr\u0259 \u015f\u0259h\u0259rind\u0259 do\u011fulmu\u015f tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f riyaziyyat\u00e7\u0131 v\u0259 alqebran\u0131n inki\u015faf\u0131na b\u00f6y\u00fck t\u00f6hf\u0259l\u0259r vermi\u015f alimdir. O, 18-ci \u0259sr Avropa riyaziyyat\u0131n\u0131n \u0259n parlaq n\u00fcmay\u0259nd\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n biri hesab olunur v\u0259 x\u00fcsusil\u0259 x\u0259tti t\u0259nlikl\u0259r sisteml\u0259rinin h\u0259llin\u0259 dair verdiyi t\u00f6hf\u0259l\u0259rl\u0259 m\u0259\u015fhurdur.\u00a0 Riyaziyyat tarixind\u0259 onun ad\u0131 daha \u00e7ox “Kramer qaydas\u0131” il\u0259 yadda qal\u0131b. Bu qayda \u00e7oxsayl\u0131 d\u0259yi\u015f\u0259nli x\u0259tti t\u0259nlikl\u0259r sisteml\u0259rinin h\u0259llind\u0259 istifad\u0259 olunur v\u0259 bu g\u00fcn d\u0259 h\u0259m n\u0259z\u0259ri riyaziyyat, h\u0259m d\u0259 m\u00fch\u0259ndislik v\u0259 komp\u00fcter elml\u0259ri sah\u0259sind\u0259 geni\u015f t\u0259tbiq edilir.<\/p>\n
Kramer riyaziyyat qabiliyy\u0259ti il\u0259 erk\u0259n ya\u015flardan f\u0259rql\u0259nirdi. O, 18 ya\u015f\u0131nda Cenevr\u0259 Universitetind\u0259 doktorluq d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259si alaraq d\u0259rs dem\u0259y\u0259 ba\u015flam\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. G\u0259nc ya\u015f\u0131nda t\u0259dris v\u0259 elmi f\u0259aliyy\u0259t\u0259 qo\u015fulan Kramer, x\u00fcsusil\u0259 c\u0259bri h\u0259ll metodlar\u0131, h\u0259nd\u0259s\u0259 v\u0259 diferensial t\u0259nlikl\u0259r sah\u0259sind\u0259 ara\u015fd\u0131rmalar aparm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Kramer Qaydas\u0131 n\u0259dir?<\/p>\n
Kramer qaydas\u0131 d\u0259yi\u015f\u0259nl\u0259rin say\u0131 q\u0259d\u0259r t\u0259nliyi olan x\u0259tti sisteml\u0259rin determinantlar vasit\u0259sil\u0259 h\u0259llini t\u0259qdim edir. Sad\u0259 dill\u0259 des\u0259k, \u0259g\u0259r bir sistemin t\u0259nlikl\u0259ri simmetrik v\u0259 nizaml\u0131 qurulubsa, bu qayda il\u0259 h\u0259r d\u0259yi\u015f\u0259nin qiym\u0259ti bir s\u0131ra hesablama add\u0131m\u0131 il\u0259 tap\u0131la bil\u0259r.<\/p>\n
Kramerin \u0259sas elmi \u0259s\u0259ri “Alqebrik \u0259yril\u0259rin analizin\u0259 giri\u015f” (Introduction \u00e0 l\u2019analyse des lignes courbes alg\u00e9briques<\/em>, 1750) adlan\u0131r. Bu \u0259s\u0259rd\u0259 Kramer yaln\u0131z x\u0259tti t\u0259nlikl\u0259ri deyil, h\u0259m d\u0259 alqebrik \u0259yril\u0259ri, \u00e7oxluqlar v\u0259 koordinat metodlar\u0131 \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 d\u0259rin ara\u015fd\u0131rmalar aparm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Bu kitab, o d\u00f6vrd\u0259 alqebran\u0131n v\u0259 analitik h\u0259nd\u0259s\u0259nin \u0259sas m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n biri hesab olunurdu.<\/p>\n Kramer yaln\u0131z riyazi t\u00f6hf\u0259l\u0259rl\u0259 kifay\u0259tl\u0259nm\u0259mi\u015f, d\u00f6vr\u00fcn\u00fcn dig\u0259r tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f aliml\u0259ri il\u0259 s\u0131x \u0259m\u0259kda\u015fl\u0131q etmi\u015fdir. O, m\u0259\u015fhur Bernulli ail\u0259si il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259d\u0259 olmu\u015f, Daniel Bernoulli il\u0259 bir s\u0131ra elmi yaz\u0131\u015fmalar aparm\u0131\u015f, h\u0259m\u00e7inin \u0130saak Nyutonun v\u0259 Qottfrid Leybnitsin i\u015fl\u0259rini m\u00fcqayis\u0259 ed\u0259r\u0259k kalkulusun \u0259saslar\u0131n\u0131 ara\u015fd\u0131rm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r.<\/p>\n Qabriel Kramer 1752-ci ild\u0259 v\u0259fat ets\u0259 d\u0259, onun qoydu\u011fu elmi irs bu g\u00fcn d\u0259 ya\u015fay\u0131r. X\u0259tti t\u0259nlikl\u0259rin determinantlarla h\u0259lli metodu, y\u0259ni Kramer qaydas\u0131, d\u00fcnya universitetl\u0259rind\u0259 riyaziyyat kurslar\u0131n\u0131n \u0259sas hiss\u0259si olaraq t\u0259dris edilir. Onun elmi f\u0259aliyy\u0259ti, h\u0259m\u00e7inin riyaziyyat\u0131n strukturla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda v\u0259 daha formalla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 \u00f6yr\u0259dilm\u0259sind\u0259 \u00f6n\u0259mli rol oynam\u0131\u015fd\u0131r.<\/p>\n Qabriel Kramer riyaziyyatda sad\u0259likl\u0259 d\u0259rinliyi birl\u0259\u015fdir\u0259n alim idi. Onun i\u015fi g\u00f6st\u0259rir ki, m\u00fcr\u0259kk\u0259b sisteml\u0259r d\u0259 d\u00fczg\u00fcn yana\u015fma il\u0259 asanl\u0131qla ba\u015fa d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcl\u0259 bil\u0259r. Bu g\u00fcn onun ad\u0131 il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 qayda h\u0259m n\u0259z\u0259ri, h\u0259m d\u0259 t\u0259tbiqi sah\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 riyaziyyat\u00e7\u0131lara v\u0259 m\u00fch\u0259ndisl\u0259r\u0259 xidm\u0259t edir.<\/p>\n