Britaniya aliml\u0259ri Yer \u00fcz\u00fcnd\u0259ki h\u0259r hans\u0131 dig\u0259r canl\u0131 orqanizmd\u0259n daha m\u00fcr\u0259kk\u0259b v\u0259 nizama sal\u0131nm\u0131\u015f\u00a0genetik koda\u00a0malik s\u00fcni bakteriya yarad\u0131blar.\u00a0Syn 57\u00a0adl\u0131\u00a0ba\u011f\u0131rsaq \u00e7ubu\u011fu\u00a0(Escherichia coli) bu g\u00fcn\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmu\u015f \u0259n az\u00a0kodon\u00a0say\u0131 il\u0259 sintez olunub – bu, milyardlarla ildir b\u00fct\u00fcn m\u0259lum canl\u0131 orqanizml\u0259rin istifad\u0259 etdikl\u0259ri genetik kod vahididir. Bu k\u0259\u015ff sintetik polimerl\u0259rin yarad\u0131lmas\u0131nda yeni texnologiyalar\u0131n meydana \u00e7\u0131xmas\u0131na g\u0259tirib \u00e7\u0131xara bil\u0259r. H\u0259yat\u0131n “resepti” 64 f\u0259rqli “h\u0259rf” v\u0259 ya kodondan ibar\u0259t bir dill\u0259 yaz\u0131l\u0131b, h\u0259r kodon 3 nukleotid qal\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ibar\u0259tdir. Bu \u201c\u00fc\u00e7h\u0259rfli\u201d kodonlardan ibar\u0259t uzun c\u00fcml\u0259l\u0259r bizim\u00a0DNT\u00a0v\u0259\u00a0RNT-mizi t\u0259\u015fkil edirl\u0259r. Onlar h\u00fcceyr\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 adi madd\u0259ni h\u0259yat\u0131n in\u015fa bloklar\u0131na – m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n ard\u0131c\u0131ll\u0131qla d\u00fcz\u00fcl\u0259r\u0259k z\u00fclallar\u0131 formala\u015fd\u0131ran amin tur\u015fular\u0131na \u00e7evirm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn m\u00fch\u00fcm g\u00f6st\u0259ri\u015fl\u0259r verirl\u0259r.<\/p>\n
H\u00fcceyr\u0259 z\u00fclallar\u0131 qurark\u0259n, hans\u0131 amin tur\u015fular\u0131n\u0131n \u0259lav\u0259 edil\u0259c\u0259yini v\u0259 n\u0259 vaxt dayanmaq laz\u0131m oldu\u011funu m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n etm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn bu 64 nukleotidli tripletl\u0259rl\u0259 yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f kodon ard\u0131c\u0131ll\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 oxuyur. Lakin bu sistemd\u0259 b\u0259zi izah olunmayan t\u0259krarlanmalar m\u00f6vcuddur. T\u0259bi\u0259td\u0259ki b\u00fct\u00fcn canl\u0131 orqanizml\u0259r onlara laz\u0131m olan z\u00fclallar\u0131 c\u0259mi 20 amin tur\u015fusu il\u0259 sintez ed\u0259 bilirl\u0259r. Bu da o dem\u0259kdir ki, bir \u00e7ox kodonlar \u0259slind\u0259 \u201csinonimdir\u201d. Syn 57 orqanizmi bu \u201cart\u0131q\u201d kodonlardan b\u0259zil\u0259rin\u0259 ehtiyac duymadan f\u0259aliyy\u0259t g\u00f6st\u0259rir.\u00a0B\u00f6y\u00fck Britaniyan\u0131n Tibbi T\u0259dqiqatlar\u00a0\u015euras\u0131na\u00a0ba\u011fl\u0131\u00a0Molekulyar\u00a0Biologiya Laboratoriyas\u0131ndan\u00a0olan aliml\u0259r ilk d\u0259f\u0259 olaraq bir canl\u0131 orqanizmin genomunu c\u0259mi 57 kodona q\u0259d\u0259r azaltma\u011fa nail olublar. \u018fvv\u0259lki rekord is\u0259 61 kodon idi.<\/p>\n
T\u0259dqiqat\u00e7\u0131lar b\u00fct\u00fcn genomu s\u0131f\u0131rdan yaratmaqla, serin amin tur\u015fusu il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259li 6 kodondan 4-n\u00fc, alanin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259 tutulmu\u015f 4 kodondan 2-ni v\u0259 1 stop-kodonu \u00e7\u0131xarma\u011f\u0131 qar\u015f\u0131ya m\u0259qs\u0259d qoyublar. Bu art\u0131q kodonlar bakteriyan\u0131n genomunda harada rast g\u0259linirdis\u0259, t\u0259dqiqat\u00e7\u0131lar onlar\u0131 eyni t\u0259limatlar\u0131 ehtiva ed\u0259n sinonim kodonlarla \u0259v\u0259z edibl\u0259r. Bu proses genetik kodda 101.000-d\u0259n \u00e7ox d\u0259yi\u015fiklik t\u0259l\u0259b edib. \u0130lk olaraq bu d\u0259yi\u015fiklikl\u0259r komp\u00fcterd\u0259\u00a0100 kilobaytl\u0131qfraqmentl\u0259r \u015f\u0259klind\u0259 planla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131l\u0131b, daha sonra is\u0259 genl\u0259rin birl\u0259\u015fdirilm\u0259si \u00fczr\u0259 \u0259trafl\u0131 v\u0259 d\u0259qiq i\u015fl\u0259r apar\u0131l\u0131b. D\u0259yi\u015fiklikl\u0259rin orqanizm\u0259 z\u0259r\u0259r verib-verm\u0259dikl\u0259rini m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n etm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn t\u0259dqiqat\u00e7\u0131lar \u0259vv\u0259lc\u0259 sintetik genomun ki\u00e7ik hiss\u0259l\u0259rini canl\u0131 bakteriyalar \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 s\u0131naqdan ke\u00e7iribl\u0259r, daha sonra is\u0259 bu hiss\u0259l\u0259ri birl\u0259\u015fdir\u0259r\u0259k tamamil\u0259 sintetik son variant\u0131 – yeni bakteriya \u015ftamm\u0131n\u0131 haz\u0131rlay\u0131blar. Bel\u0259likl\u0259, aliml\u0259rin fikrinc\u0259, h\u0259yat h\u0259tta \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259 ixtisar edilmi\u015f genetik kodla da m\u00f6vcud ola bil\u0259r. Azad edilmi\u015f kodonlar is\u0259 dig\u0259r funksiyalar \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn istifad\u0259 oluna bil\u0259r.<\/p>\n