{"id":43395,"date":"2023-02-22T15:26:28","date_gmt":"2023-02-22T11:26:28","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.imm.az\/exp\/?p=43395"},"modified":"2023-02-22T15:26:28","modified_gmt":"2023-02-22T11:26:28","slug":"dahil%c9%99ri-bir-d%c9%99-bel%c9%99-taniyaq-3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.imm.az\/exp\/2023\/02\/22\/dahil%c9%99ri-bir-d%c9%99-bel%c9%99-taniyaq-3\/","title":{"rendered":"Dahil\u0259ri bir d\u0259 bel\u0259 tan\u0131yaq!"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u0130mmanuel Kant 1724-c\u00fc il aprelin 22-d\u0259 K\u00f6niqsberq \u015f\u0259h\u0259rind\u0259 kas\u0131b y\u0259h\u0259r\u00e7i ail\u0259sind\u0259 do\u011fulmu\u015fdur. M\u00fcq\u0259dd\u0259s \u0130mmanuelin \u015f\u0259r\u0259fin\u0259 ona bu ad qoyulmu\u015fdur. Teoloq doktor Frans Albert \u015eulsun t\u0259kidi il\u0259 \u0130mmanuel \u201cFridrixs-Kolleqium\u201d gimanziyas\u0131n\u0131 bitirib K\u00f6nniqsberq Universitetin\u0259 daxil olmu\u015fdur. Atas\u0131n\u0131n vaxts\u0131z v\u0259fat\u0131 ona universiteti bitirm\u0259y\u0259 imkan verm\u0259mi\u015f v\u0259 \u0130mmanuel 10 ya\u015f\u0131 olark\u0259n ev m\u00fc\u0259llimliyi etm\u0259y\u0259 ba\u015flam\u0131\u015fd\u0131r.\u00a01755-ci ild\u0259 Kant dissertasiya m\u00fcdafi\u0259 etdiyi v\u0259 doktoluq d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259si ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn universitetd\u0259 m\u00fc\u0259llim kimi d\u0259rs dem\u0259k ixtiyar\u0131 qazanm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r.\u00a01770-1797-ci ill\u0259rd\u0259 Kant universitetd\u0259 daha geni\u015f sah\u0259d\u0259 \u2013 f\u0259ls\u0259f\u0259, riyaziyyat, fizika elml\u0259ri sah\u0259sind\u0259 m\u00fc\u0259llimlik etmi\u015fdir.\u00a0Sa\u011flaml\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n qeydin\u0259 qalaraq \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc \u00e7ox ciddi rejimd\u0259 i\u015fl\u0259m\u0259y\u0259 m\u0259cbur etmi\u015fdir. Buna g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259 \u0259ks\u0259r dostlar\u0131ndan daha \u00e7ox ya\u015fam\u0131\u015fd\u0131r.\u00a0Ail\u0259li olmam\u0131\u015fd\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130mmanuil Kant f\u0259ls\u0259f\u0259d\u0259 \u00e7evrili\u015f etmi\u015fdir. O, idrak\u0131\u00a0\u00f6z qanunlar\u0131 il\u0259 c\u0259r\u0259yan ed\u0259n f\u0259aliyy\u0259t kimi d\u0259y\u0259rl\u0259ndirmi\u015fdir. \u0130lk d\u0259f\u0259 f\u0259ls\u0259f\u0259d\u0259 d\u0259rk edil\u0259n substansiyan\u0131n strukturunu deyil, idrak\u0131n predmet v\u0259 \u00fcsulunu m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259nl\u0259\u015fdir\u0259n, ba\u015fl\u0131ca amili d\u0259rk edil\u0259n subyektin spesifikas\u0131 n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259n ke\u00e7irilmi\u015fdir.<\/p>\n<p>Kant\u00a0qnoseologiyan\u0131 \u0259sas f\u0259ls\u0259f\u0259 etdi, onun predmeti is\u0259 n\u0259 t\u0259bi\u0259t, n\u0259 d\u00fcnya, n\u0259 d\u0259 insan idi. Qnoseologiyan\u0131n predmeti subyektin idraki f\u0259aliyy\u0259ti, h\u0259m\u00e7inin insan \u0259qlinin qanunlar\u0131 v\u0259 onlar\u0131n h\u00fcdudular\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n edilm\u0259si hesab olundu.\u00a0Ontologiyan\u0131n\u00a0yerin\u0259 Kant qnoseologiyan\u0131 qoydu, substansiyan\u0131n metafizikas\u0131ndan subyektin idraki qabiliyy\u0259tinin t\u0259nqidi t\u0259hlilin\u0259 ke\u00e7di.<\/p>\n<p>Kanta g\u00f6r\u0259, xarici al\u0259m hissl\u0259r materiyas\u0131n\u0131 verir, lakin bizim \u0259qlimiz h\u0259min materiyan\u0131\u00a0m\u0259kan\u00a0v\u0259\u00a0zamanda\u00a0qaydaya sal\u0131r, el\u0259c\u0259 d\u0259 anlay\u0131\u015f haz\u0131rlay\u0131r ki, h\u0259min anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n k\u00f6m\u0259yi il\u0259 biz t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259ni ba\u015fa d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fck. Bizim hissl\u0259rimizin s\u0259b\u0259bi olan d\u00fcnya \u00f6z\u00fcnd\u0259 \u015feydir v\u0259 d\u0259rkedilm\u0259zdir. Bu d\u00fcnya, y\u0259ni \u015fey \u00f6z\u00fcnd\u0259 m\u0259kan v\u0259 zamanda yerl\u0259\u015fmir v\u0259\u00a0substansiya\u00a0deyildir.\u00a0M\u0259kan v\u0259 zaman\u00a0subyektivdir, onlar subyektin qavray\u0131\u015f\u0131 m\u0259hsullar\u0131d\u0131r (\u0259g\u0259r biz mavi eyn\u0259k tax\u0131r\u0131qsa, o zaman biz\u0259 h\u0259r \u015fey mavi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr. Biz el\u0259 bil \u0259qlimizd\u0259 m\u0259kan eyn\u0259kl\u0259ri tax\u0131r\u0131q v\u0259 sonra d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fck ki, m\u0259kanda h\u0259r \u015feyi g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fck.) Bel\u0259likl\u0259,\u00a0h\u0259nd\u0259s\u0259\u00a0bu m\u0259nada apriordur ki, b\u00fct\u00fcn qavran\u0131lan h\u0259r \u015feyin h\u0259qiq\u0259ti olmal\u0131d\u0131r, lakin bizim qavramad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n analoji olaraq bel\u0259 oldu\u011funu q\u0259bul etm\u0259y\u0259 haqq\u0131m\u0131z yoxdur. Kant\u0131n fikrinc\u0259, idrak prosesinin \u00e7\u0259tinliyi qar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ql\u0131 olaraq bir\u2013birini r\u0259dd ed\u0259n \u0259ql m\u00fchakim\u0259l\u0259ri (daha d\u0259qiq des\u0259k, antinomiyalar) do\u011furur. Onlar\u0131n h\u0259r biri h\u0259qiqi kimi s\u00fcbut oluna bil\u0259r. Kant bel\u0259 antinomiyalardan 4\u2013n\u00fc misal g\u0259tirir (onlar\u0131n h\u0259r biri tezis v\u0259 antitezisd\u0259n ibar\u0259tdir):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Birinci antinomiya: \u201cD\u00fcnya zamanda ba\u015flan\u011f\u0131ca malikdir v\u0259 yaln\u0131z m\u0259kanda m\u0259hduddur\u201d (tezis). \u201cD\u00fcnya zamanda ba\u015flan\u011f\u0131ca malik deyil v\u0259 m\u0259kanda sonsuz-dur. O, h\u0259m m\u0259kanda, h\u0259m d\u0259 zamanda sonsuz\u201ddur (antitezis).<\/li>\n<li>\u0130kinci antinomiya: s\u00fcbut edir ki, h\u0259r bir m\u00fcr\u0259kk\u0259b substansiya sad\u0259 hiss\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n h\u0259m ibar\u0259tdir, h\u0259m d\u0259 ibar\u0259t deyildir.<\/li>\n<li>\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc antinomiya: iki n\u00f6v s\u0259b\u0259biyy\u0259t m\u00f6vcudur; biri t\u0259bi\u0259tin qanunlar\u0131na m\u00fcvafiq g\u0259lir, dig\u0259ri azadl\u0131\u011fa (tezis); t\u0259bi\u0259tin qanunlar\u0131na m\u00fcvafiq g\u0259l\u0259n s\u0259b\u0259biyy\u0259t m\u00f6vcuddur (antitezis).<\/li>\n<li>D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc antinomiya: s\u00fcbut edir ki, m\u00fctl\u0259q z\u0259ruri varl\u0131q h\u0259m m\u00f6vcuddur, h\u0259m d\u0259 m\u00f6vcud deyildir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Kant\u0131n antinomiya haqq\u0131nda t\u0259limi Hegel\u0259 b\u00f6y\u00fck t\u0259sir g\u00f6st\u0259rmi\u015fdir. T\u0259sad\u00fcfi deyildir ki, onun dialektikas\u0131 antinomiyalar yolu il\u0259 qurulmu\u015fdur.\u00a0Kant\u0131n\u00a0etikas\u0131, yaxud \u0259qlin \u0259m\u0259li t\u0259tbiqi t\u0259limi \u201c\u018fm\u0259li idrak\u0131n t\u0259nqidi\u201d v\u0259 q\u0131sa \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 des\u0259k, \u201cProleqomenl\u0259r\u201d\u00a0\u0259s\u0259rl\u0259rind\u0259 n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259n ke\u00e7irilmi\u015fdir. Kant\u0131n etikas\u0131 tarixi\u2013 f\u0259ls\u0259fi \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259t\u0259 malikdir ki, burada da \u201cq\u0259ti imperativ\u201d m\u00fch\u00fcm yer tutur. M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259 buras\u0131ndad\u0131r ki, Kant\u0131 \u0259xlaqa\u00a0utilitar\u00a0yana\u015fma t\u0259min etmirdi. \u00c7\u00fcnki burada \u0259xlaq\u0131n m\u0259qs\u0259dl\u0259ri onun \u00f6z\u00fcnd\u0259n k\u0259narda hesab olunur. O, tam t\u0259crid olunmu\u015f \u0259xlaq metafizikas\u0131n\u0131 \u0259ld\u0259 etm\u0259y\u0259 \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rd\u0131. \u00d6z\u00fc d\u0259 bu \u0259xlaq n\u0259\u00a0teologiya, n\u0259 d\u0259 ba\u015fqa bir \u015feyl\u0259 \u015f\u0259rtl\u0259nmir. Kant hesab edirdi ki, b\u00fct\u00fcn \u0259xlaqi anlay\u0131\u015flar \u00f6z yeri v\u0259 m\u0259n\u015f\u0259yin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 \u0259qld\u0259 tam\u00a0aprioridir. \u018fxlaqi d\u0259y\u0259rl\u0259r insan\u0131n borc hissind\u0259n \u00e7\u0131x\u0131\u015f ed\u0259r\u0259k f\u0259aliyy\u0259t g\u00f6st\u0259rdiyi zaman m\u00f6vcud olur. H\u0259m d\u0259 borcu t\u0259l\u0259b etdiyi s\u0259viyy\u0259d\u0259 olan f\u0259aliyy\u0259t kifay\u0259t deyildir. Tacirin d\u00fczl\u00fcy\u00fc \u0259g\u0259r onun mara\u011f\u0131 il\u0259 \u015f\u0259rtl\u0259nirs\u0259 o, yax\u015f\u0131 hesab oluna bilm\u0259z. \u018fxlaq\u0131n mahiyy\u0259ti qanun anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131xar\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Qanun \u0259qlin \u0259mridir, \u0259mrin formulu is\u0259\u00a0imperativ\u00a0adlan\u0131r. Kanta g\u00f6r\u0259 iki imperativ var:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u015e\u0259rti imperativ\u00a0(siz filan\u2013 filan m\u0259qs\u0259d\u0259 \u00e7atmaq ist\u0259yirsinizs\u0259, filan\u2013 filan i\u015fl\u0259ri g\u00f6rm\u0259lisiniz)<\/li>\n<li>Q\u0259ti imperativ\u00a0apriordur. Q\u0259ti imperativ m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n f\u0259aliyy\u0259t tipi m\u0259qs\u0259d\u0259 m\u00fcnasib\u0259tsiz obyektiv olaraq z\u0259ruridir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u201cProleqomenl\u0259r\u2026\u201dd\u0259 yaz\u0131rd\u0131: \u201cAntologiyaya\u00a0m\u0259xsus olan tam \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 empiriklikd\u0259n t\u0259mizl\u0259nmi\u015f t\u0259miz \u0259xlaq f\u0259ls\u0259f\u0259nin i\u015fl\u0259nib haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 olduqca z\u0259ruridir\u2026\u201d \u018fxlaqi qanun m\u00fctl\u0259q z\u0259rur\u0259tdir: \u201cyalan dan\u0131\u015fma\u201d n\u0259sih\u0259ti, m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, t\u0259kc\u0259 adamlar \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn ger\u00e7\u0259klik deyil, \u00fcmumiyy\u0259tl\u0259 a\u011f\u0131ll\u0131 canl\u0131lar\u0131n ham\u0131s\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn vacibdir. Dem\u0259li, borcun \u0259sas\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259kc\u0259 insan\u0131n t\u0259bi\u0259tind\u0259 deyil, yaxud onun s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fcy\u00fc \u015f\u0259raitd\u0259 deyil, \u0259ksin\u0259, apriorid\u0259 s\u0131rf \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 t\u0259miz idrak\u0131n anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131nda axtar\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.\u00a0Yaln\u0131z bir q\u0259ti imperativ var ki, o da Kanta g\u00f6r\u0259 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dak\u0131 kimidir: \u201cEl\u0259 h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259t et ki, s\u0259nin h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259tinin \u0259xlaq qaydas\u0131 \u00fcmumi qanun ola bilsin\u201d. Yaxud da \u201cEl\u0259 h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259t et ki, s\u0259nin irad\u0259nin \u0259xlaq qaydas\u0131 eyni zamanda \u00fcmumi qanun-vericilik prinsipi q\u00fcvv\u0259sin\u0259 malik olsun\u201d. Kant bunu bel\u0259 ayd\u0131nla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131rd\u0131. Pul borc almaq d\u00fczg\u00fcn deyil. \u00c7\u00fcnki ham\u0131 borc alarsa, pul qalmaz. Bel\u0259likl\u0259, q\u0259ti imperativ t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n o\u011furluq, adam \u00f6ld\u00fcrm\u0259k v\u0259 s. m\u00fchakim\u0259 olunurdu. Bu v\u0259 ya dig\u0259r h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259t yaln\u0131z o zaman \u0259xlaqi hesab olunurdu ki, bu ham\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn qanuna \u00e7evril\u0259 bilsin. Kant\u0131n insan\u0131n borcu v\u0259 l\u0259yaq\u0259ti haqq\u0131ndak\u0131 m\u00fchakim\u0259l\u0259ri d\u0259 bununla \u0259laq\u0259dar idi. Bel\u0259 bir sual verilirdi: insan \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn qiym\u0259tli n\u0259dir? L\u0259yaq\u0259t, yoxsa h\u0259zz? L\u0259zz\u0259td\u0259, h\u0259zzd\u0259 ke\u00e7\u0259n h\u0259yat he\u00e7 bir qiym\u0259t\u0259 malik deyildir. \u00d6z l\u0259yaq\u0259tini qoruyan insan h\u0259r \u015feyi, h\u0259tta h\u0259yat\u0131n\u0131 itirm\u0259y\u0259 haz\u0131rd\u0131r. L\u0259yaq\u0259tin m\u0259nb\u0259yi v\u0259 \u015f\u0259rhl\u0259ri n\u0259dir? Bu, insan\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6z\u00fc \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 y\u00fcks\u0259lm\u0259sidir. \u0130nsan borcunu ba\u015fa d\u00fc\u015f\u0259r\u0259k ya\u015fay\u0131r v\u0259 f\u0259aliyy\u0259t g\u00f6st\u0259rir. Dem\u0259li, o, h\u0259zz xatirin\u0259 ya\u015fam\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Kant\u0131n konsepsiyas\u0131n\u0131n t\u0259hlilinin sonunda qeyd ed\u0259 bil\u0259r\u0259m ki, o, c\u0259miyy\u0259t haqq\u0131nda da maraql\u0131 fikirl\u0259r s\u00f6yl\u0259mi\u015fdir. Onun \u201c\u018fb\u0259di s\u00fclh haqq\u0131nda\u201d traktat\u0131nda azad d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259r federasiyas\u0131n\u0131n yarad\u0131lmas\u0131 ideyas\u0131 ir\u0259li s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015fd\u00fcr. H\u0259min d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259r m\u00fcharib\u0259ni qada\u011fan ed\u0259n m\u00fcqavil\u0259l\u0259r ba\u011flay\u0131rlar. \u018fql m\u00fcharib\u0259ni m\u00fchakim\u0259 edir, onu aradan qald\u0131rmaq is\u0259 Beyn\u0259lxalq h\u00f6kum\u0259tin i\u015fidir. Ayr\u0131-ayr\u0131 d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259rin v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f konstitusiyalar\u0131 respublika\u00e7\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Kant f\u0259ls\u0259f\u0259si,\u00a0 Hegel, \u00a0Fixte, \u015eiller, \u00a0Feyerbax\u00a0v\u0259 s.\u00a0kalssik alman f\u0259ls\u0259f\u0259si\u00a0n\u00fcmay\u0259nd\u0259l\u0259rinin i\u015fl\u0259rin\u0259 g\u00fccl\u00fc t\u0259sir etmi\u015fdir.<\/p>\n<p><em>fitret.az<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0130mmanuel Kant 1724-c\u00fc il aprelin 22-d\u0259 K\u00f6niqsberq \u015f\u0259h\u0259rind\u0259 kas\u0131b y\u0259h\u0259r\u00e7i ail\u0259sind\u0259 do\u011fulmu\u015fdur. M\u00fcq\u0259dd\u0259s \u0130mmanuelin \u015f\u0259r\u0259fin\u0259 ona bu ad qoyulmu\u015fdur. Teoloq doktor Frans Albert \u015eulsun t\u0259kidi il\u0259 \u0130mmanuel \u201cFridrixs-Kolleqium\u201d gimanziyas\u0131n\u0131 bitirib K\u00f6nniqsberq Universitetin\u0259 daxil olmu\u015fdur. Atas\u0131n\u0131n vaxts\u0131z v\u0259fat\u0131 ona universiteti bitirm\u0259y\u0259 imkan verm\u0259mi\u015f v\u0259 \u0130mmanuel 10 ya\u015f\u0131 olark\u0259n ev m\u00fc\u0259llimliyi etm\u0259y\u0259 ba\u015flam\u0131\u015fd\u0131r.\u00a01755-ci ild\u0259 Kant dissertasiya m\u00fcdafi\u0259 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[77],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.imm.az\/exp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/43395"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.imm.az\/exp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.imm.az\/exp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.imm.az\/exp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.imm.az\/exp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=43395"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.imm.az\/exp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/43395\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":43397,"href":"https:\/\/www.imm.az\/exp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/43395\/revisions\/43397"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.imm.az\/exp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=43395"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.imm.az\/exp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=43395"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.imm.az\/exp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=43395"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}